Film Projects

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Tutorials

Blue or Greenscreen

YUV channels: full picture, Y, U, and V

Aka. chroma key, and color keying.

Key steps [1]:

  • Bright solid even and smooth green colored sheet or wall
  • Use softlights or light diffuser away from the background to get an evenly lit screen
  • Multiple light sources and diffusers to cancel out hard shadows
  • Standing away from the screen for smoother or no shadows and less color spill
  • DV cameras has lower chroma (color) resolution, blur channel before key (see below)

YUV color space

  • Y: Luma - Brightness black-and-white signal
  • UV: Chroma (blue and red components) - Color signal

YUV is used for analog video and is not an absolute color space, it's a way of encoding RGB information [2]. The equivalent abbreviation for digital video is YCbCr.

Chroma resolution subsampling

  • 4:4:4 (Y:U:V or Y:Cb:Cr) - full resolution / high bandwidth
  • 4:2:0 (Y:U:V or Y:Cb:Cr) - less color resolution / lower bandwidth - PAL DV, HDV
  • 4:1:1 (Y:U:V or Y:Cb:Cr) - less color resolution / lower bandwidth - NTSC DV

MacBreak part 2 explains and shows how chroma subsampling works.

Because of storage and transmission limitations, there is always a desire to reduce (or compress) the signal. [3]

The green information is usually preserved in the Y channel [4]. Which makes a green background perfect because of the extra channel resolution on 4:2:0 and 4:1:1 based cameras. In addition green is not a color usually found on human beings, making it easy to key.

Chroma subsampling causes nasty problems for film makers trying to do keying with blue or green screening. The chroma interpolation along edges produces noticeable combing artifacts.

When using Adobe Premiere and Adobe Photoshop, the best way is to blur the jaggedness in the UV channels is in Photoshop with 4 pixels horizontal motion blur for NTSC DV (4:1:1) and 2-4 pixel gaussian blur for PAL DV (4:2:0) [5]. Alterntively, dvMatte Pro blurs the chroma channels and keys in one plugin. Sample:

Greenscreen subsampling keying.png Greenscreen subsampling keying dvmatte.png


Another problem would be video noise, pixels in dark areas where the camera sensor has a hard time determining the image information. This can only be fixed by good noise reduction filters or ,more preferably, a new camera.

References

"If you can plan your DV shot to have mostly dark subjects (dark hair & clothing) in front of a green screen (or bright/blond subjects in front of blue), you can use the color difference key to pull a quick core matte, then turn to a luma-based solution to bring out the edge details."

"With DV and DVCam, you won't have as much color information per pixel due to compression, so good mattes are harder to pull. It ends up looking pretty aliased. Both NTSC and Pal DV formats have pretty low sampling (4:1:1 for NTSC and 4:2:0 for Pal)."

"It was all pixelated and jagged edges. How do u get around this? The technique that I've heard used most often is that you blur the UV channels (the chromanance part of the YUV) then mix that back in with the Y (luminance) and your ready to pull a matte. Do just enough blur so the pixelated jagged edges soften. Use that only for pulling the matte. Once you've got your matte, go back and use the original footage for applying the matte."

Reference sites

Programs / Plug-ins

  • dvMatte Pro - Final Cut Pro, OSX
  • Keylight - After Effects
  • Shake - OS X only
  • Final Cut Pro - OS X only
  • Boris Key filters - After Effects, Final Cut Pro, etc

Lightning

Some guidelines:

  • Mount lights high, prettier picture
  • Use three lights: key light, key fill, and back light
  • Bounce light off white wall, aluminum foil, or diffuser paper
  • Use the manual white balance settings in the camera

References:

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